Table 3 Studies calculating the cost of adverse drug events, economic data
From: Evaluating the costs of adverse drug events in hospitalized patients: a systematic review
N° | First author (year) (ref) | Costs Settings | Perspective | Time horizon | Quality score | Individual cost (per patient) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Katsuno et al. (2021) [19] | Direct costs (micro-costing): Each clinic/technical fee including medical supplies and drugs | Public health insurance | 6 months | 0.74 | € 5 937 |
2 | Trumbo et al. (2021) [8] | Estimated direct costs: Hospital admission costs | Hospital | 6 years | 0.69 | NA |
3 | Iwasaki et al. (2021) [18] | Estimated direct costs: Daily hospital medical expenditure | Hospital | 3 months | 0.87 | € 6 034 |
4 | Tissot et al. (2021) [9] | Direct medical costs: Hospital admission costs and additional items (daily supplements for extreme lengths of hospital stays, daily supplements for intensive care stay, expensive drugs or medical devices) | Public health insurance | 4 years | 0.67 | €5 559 ± 8 448 median: €3 725 IQR: [401;114 576] |
5 | Maity et al. (2021) [10] | Direct costs: Direct healthcare costs (national average cost of hospitalisation for poisoning/toxic effect of drug category for different age groups) Indirect/Opportunity costs: Potential loss of income over a lifetime with human capital approach (calculated for patient aged between 19–64; ages below 19, only future forgone incomes were included) Lost productivity with friction cost approach | 3 = Patient + Health system + Societal | 4 years | 0.92 | Patient perspective: €451 (infliximab) €359 (adalimumab) Health system perspective: €230 (infliximab) €100 (adalimumab) Society perspective: €240 (infliximab) €110 (adalimumab) |
6 | Knight et al. (2019) [11] | Direct costs: Hospital costs (bed, food, basic nursing, infrastructure), average (mid-range) salary in each personnel category was applied accounting for the varying levels of attending staff, laboratory and radiology investigations, medications costs | Hospital | 5 years | 0.63 | €5 831 CI95%: 5134–6527 |
7 | Boostani et al. (2019) [20] | Estimated direct costs: Medication cost | 2 = Patient, Health insurance | 8 months | 0.70 | €7.46 |
8 | Riaz et al. (2019) [16] | Direct costs: Hospital admission costs | Public health insurance (MEDICARE) | 11 months | 0.87 | NK |
9 | Beck et al. (2019) [12] | Estimated direct costs: Emergency department visit + intensive care stay + hospital admission costs | Public health insurance (MEDICAID) | 1 year | 0.48 | €456 |
10 | Lee et al. (2019) [21] | Direct medical costs (micro-costing): Costs related to physician + medication cost + laboratory + radiology + hospital admission + surgical + medical supplies | Hospital | 6 months | 0.67 | €1 881 incremental costs compare to before ADR |
11 | Liao et al. (2019) [17] | Direct medical costs: Hospital admission and medication costs | Hospital | 6 years | 0.70 | €5 422.40 medical expenses incremental costs compare to non-ADR group control €1459.40 medication incremental costs compare to non-ADR group control |
12 | Pok et al. (2018) [14] | Direct medical costs: Hospital admission + outpatient care + surgical procedures + diagnostic investigations + treatment costs for managing upper GI adverse events | Hospital | 2 years | 0.67 | €136.60 |
13 | Schnippel et al. (2018) [13] | Direct medical costs: Medication cost + laboratory/investigation + outpatient care + hospital admission + medical supplies | Hospital | 10 years | 0.70 | €380.17 incremental costs compared to no ADR |
14 | Shafi et al. (2018) [15] | Direct medical costs: Hospital admission costs | Health system | 33 months | 0.71 | €8 225 incremental cost compared to no ADR |
15 | Kurle et al. (2018) [22] | Direct costs: Investigation + drugs + transport costs Indirect costs: Loss of income (patient + relatives) | Patient | 1 year | 0.70 | €83.97 |
16 | Slight et al. (2018) [23] | Estimated cost of a preventable ADE in inpatients: Bates 1997 [28]: Hospital admission costs Hug 2012 [29]: Hospital admission + overheads + capital costs Opportunity costs: Estimating the time and cost of responding to Clinical Decision Support alerts | Hospital | 1 year | 0.76 | NK |
17 | Gyllensten et al. (2017) [24] | Direct costs: Outpatient care + home visits (nurse or physician) + hospital admission costs | Unspecified | 3 months | 0.76 | €1 500 (diagnostic code method) €414 000 (unit cost method) |
18 | Natanaelsson et al. (2017) [25] | Direct costs: Outpatient care + ambulatory care + hospital admission + medication costs + Labour Indirect costs: Lost productivity/income | 4 = Hospital, patient, public health insurance, employer | 3 months | 0.83 | €505 (with €192 of indirect costs) (real costs) €1 631 (€410 of indirect costs) (propension scoring) |
19 | McCarthy Jr. et al. (2017) [26] | Direct medical costs: Hospital admission costs | Hospital | 13 months | 0.65 | €2 271€ IQR: 981–13 455 (incremental costs) |
20 | Spector et al. (2017) [27] | Direct costs: Hospital admission/annual hospital costs (“production of hospital services) excluding physician wages | Hospital | 3 years | 0.67 | Anticoagulant: €7 644 (acute myocardial infarction) to €12 849€ (pneumonia) Hypoglycaemic agent: €2 747 (heart failure) to €9 054 (major surgery) |