Table 2 Factors associated with utilisation of facility-based delivery care (N = 2846)
| Â | Mixed-effects model | |
|---|---|---|
Determinants | Odds Ratio (OR) | [95% CI] |
Demand-side factors | ||
 Maternal age (in years) | 1.01 | [0.99 to 1.03] |
 Education level | ||
  No education (ref.) | 1.00 |  |
  Some primary | 1.46* | [0.95 to 2.25] |
  Primary/ some secondary | 1.74*** | [1.32 to 2.29] |
  Secondary or above | 4.13*** | [1.65 to 10.3] |
 Occupation status | ||
  Formal sector worker (ref.) | 1.00 |  |
  Farmer | 0.31 | [0.04 to 2.48] |
  Self-employed business | 0.61 | [0.07 to 4.98] |
  Other | 0.38 | [0.05 to 3.06] |
 Religion type | ||
  Non-Muslim (ref.) | 1.00 |  |
  Muslim | 1.36** | [1.01 to 1.84] |
 Parity/ number of births | ||
  At least 2 births (ref.) | 1.00 |  |
  Woman with parity 1 (1st delivery) | 1.72*** | [1.23 to 2.41] |
 Household wealth status |  |  |
  Poorest tercile (ref.) | 1.00 |  |
  Middle tercile | 0.97 | [0.74 to 1.27] |
  Least poor tercile | 1.93*** | [1.32 to 2.81] |
 Health insurance | ||
  No health insurance (ref.) | 1.00 |  |
  With health insurance | 0.73 | [0.46 to 1.14] |
 Antenatal care visits | ||
  < 4 visits | 1.00 |  |
  ≥4 visits | 1.33** | [1.05 to 1.70] |
Supply-side factors | ||
 Availability of utilities | ||
  Available water & electricity | 1.16 | [0.80 to 1.68] |
  No water & electricity (ref.) | 1.00 |  |
 Facility conducted outreach services in last 90 days | ||
  Yes | 1.55** | [1.05 to 2.28] |
  No (ref) | 1.00 |  |
 Facility location | ||
  Rural district | 1.24 | [0.76 to 2.02] |
  Urban district (ref.) | 1.00 |  |
 Facility level of care | ||
  Dispensary | 0.92 | [0.56 to 1.50] |
  Health centre/ hospital (ref.) |  |  |
 Facility ownership | ||
  Public owned | 0.90 | [0.53 to 1.53] |
  Non-public (ref.) |  |  |
Number of maternity beds | 1.01 | [0.96 to 1.06] |
Number of medical staff (clinicians, nurses, paramedics) | 1.00 | [0.99 to 1.01] |
Facility average waiting time (minutes) | 0.99* | [0.99 to 1.00] |
Facility average consultation time (minutes) | 1.04** | [1.01 to 1.07] |
Patients’ travel time from home to facility (minutes) | 0.99** | [0.98 to 0.99] |
Availability of delivery drugs (oxytocic)(index) | 1.16 | [0.61 to 2.20] |
Facility average score in interpersonal quality | 5.11** | [1.12 to 23.4] |
Facility status of charging fee for delivery care | 0.24*** | [0.09 to 0.63] |
Constant | 1.20 | [0.08 to 17.9] |
Random effects parameters | ||
 Facility random variance (SE) | 0.41 (0.11) |  |
 Likelihood ratio test (mixed-effects vs. logit model),\({\chi }^{2}\) | 36.2*** |  |