Table 4 OLS, IV 2SLS and Control Function Approach Parameter Estimates of impact of Health Insurance on Health Status (Dependent variable = Chronic Illness)

Health Insurance status

0.025 (-0.006-0.057)

0.114*** (0.031-0.198)

0.093*** (0.030-0.156)

Out of pocket expenditure in KES

0.0001 (-0.00008-0.0004)

0.0004*** (0.0001-0.0006

0.0002 (-0.0001-0.0004)

0.0002 (-0.0000-0.0004)

Proportion with health insurance per cluster

0.967*** (0.878-1.047)

Age in years

0.004*** (0.002-0.005)

0.001* (-0.0002-0.003)

0.003*** (0.001-0.004)

0.003*** (0.002-0.005)

 Adolescence & youth

-0.062*** (-0.120- -0.003)

0.036 (-0.072-0.145)

-0.043 (-0.153-0.067)

-0.055* (-0.116-0.005)

 Adults

-0.064* (-0.135-0.008)

-0.050 (-0.137-0.037)

-0.098** (-0.187- -0.010)

-0.050 (-0.126-0.025)

 Elderly

0.002-0.101-0.106)

-0.012 (-0.072-0.048)

-0.094*** (-0.155- -0.032)

0.044 (-0.066-0.154)

 Male gender

-0.033*** (-0.057- -0.008)

-0.009 (-0.035-0.017)

-0.033** (-0.059- -0.006)

-0.033** (-0.058-0.006)

 Special single

0.029 (-0.007-0.066)

-0.075*** (-0.113-0.037)

0.0429** (0.004-0.082)

0.042** (0.003-0.080)

 Single

0.032* (-0.002-0.067)

-0.035* (-0.072-0.002)

0.036* (-0.001-0.073)

0.035* (-0.003-0.073)

 Muslim

0.015-0.037-0.067)

-0.050* (-0.108-0.008)

0.022 (-0.035-0.080)

0.021 (-0.037-0.079)

 Hindu and others

-0. (-0.107-0.063)

-0.086* (-0.179-0.007)

-0.026 (-0.120-0.068)

-0.028 (-0.122-0.066)

 Education [Reference: None] Primary

0.005 (-0.025-0.035)

0.043*** (0.012-0.075)

-0.001 (-0.033-0.030)

-0.001 (-0.033-0.030)

 Secondary and higher

0.011 (-0.025-0.046)

0.103*** (0.065-0.140)

-0.002 (-0.042-0.037)

-0.0007 (-0.040-0.039)

 Media exposure

0.021 (-0.010-0.052)

0.109*** (0.075-0.142)

0.006 (-0.029-0.042)

0.008 (-0.027-0.043)

 Electricity

-0.041 (-0.186-0.104)

0.026 (-0.143-0.195)

0.030 (-0.142-0.202)

0.033 (-0.138-0.204)

 LPG gas

0.019 (-0.026-0.065)

0.084*** (0.029-0.139)

0.018 (-0.038-0.076)

0.020 (-0.037-0.076)

 Dug well / spring water

-0.015 (-0.046-0.016)

0.041**0.009-0.073)

-0.016 (-0.048-0.016)

-0.016 (-0.047-0.016)

 Rain and surface water

-0.002 (-0.036-0.031)

0.051*** (0.016-0.086)

-0.006 (-0.040-0.029)

-0.005 (-0.040-0.029)

 Vendors water

-0.060* (-0.124-0.003)

0.019 (-0.047-0.084)

-0.061* (-0.127-0.005)

-0.062* (-0.128-0.004)

 Others

0.131** (0.022-0.240)

0.106**-0.005-0.218)

0.147* (0.033-0.261)

0.148* (0.034-0.261)

 Rural residence

0.024* (-0.002-0.051)

0.079*** (0.050-0.109)

0.019 (-0.009-0.047)

0.019 (-0.009-0.047)

 Household size

0.002 (-0.004-0.008)

0.012*** (0.005-0.018)

0.003 (-0.004-0.009)

0.003 (-0.004-0.009)

 Informal

0.0007 (-0.030-0.031)

-0.111*** (-0.143- -0.079)

0.007 (-0.027-0.041)

0.005 (-0.028-0.038)

 Not working

0.028 (-0.008-0.065)

-0.074*** (-0.112- -0.035)

0.022 (-0.018-0.062)

0.021 (-0.019-0.060)

 Poor-middle

0.041* (-0.006-0.086)

0.006 (-0.041-0.053)

0.044* (-0.003-0.091)

0.044* (-0.003-0.091)

 Middle

0.032 (-0.013-0.078)

0.062*** (0.016-0.108)

0.033 (-0.014-0.081)

0.033 (-0.013-0.081)

 Middle-rich

0.045* (-0.001-0.092)

0.075*** (0.028-0.122)

0.043* (-0.003-0.101)

0.044* (-0.004-0.092)

 Richest

0.048* (-0.002-0.099)

0.128*** (0.076-0.179)

0.052* (-0.002-0.105)

0.053* (-0.002-0.107)

Distance to water source-time in Minutes

-0.0001 (-0.0005-0.0002)

Distance to nearest tar/asphalt road in Kilometers

0.0002 (-0.0003-0.0007)

Distance to nearest bus/matatu stage in Kilometers

0.0007 (-0.001-0.003)

Distance to nearest market in Kilometers

-0.00002 (-0.001-0.001)

Distance to nearest public primary school in Kilometers

-0.002 (-0.009-0.006)

Distance to nearest public secondary school in Kilometers

0.0006 (-0.001-0.003)

Distance to nearest health facility in Kilometers

-0.003 (-0.007-0.002)

Health insurance status residuals

-0.037* (-0.079-0.004)

Health insurance status X its residual

0.017 (-0.028-0.062)

Constant

-0.039 (-0.129-0.052)

-0.102 (-0.233-0.029)

0.005 (-0.126-0.137)

-0.039 (-0.135-0.056)

R2 for the regression

0.075

0.323

0.076

0.084

Durbin

3.91**

Wu-Hausman

3.87**

Adjusted R2

0.315

Partial R2 (one to report)

0.171

Shea’s Partial R2 (>1 endogenous variable)

0.171

Adjusted partial R2

0.157

First Stage F-statistic [joint significance of instruments]

71.09***

Minimum eigenvalue statistic (Cragg & Donald) similar to First stage F in case of one endogenous variable

71.09

Sargan’s tests statistic

4.89

Basman tests statistic

4.84

Health insurance status residuals F-statistic

2.92*

Health insurance status X its residual F-statistic

0.53

Observations

3,175

2,790

2,790

2,789