Table 1 Descriptive statistics

Independent variable

 URRBMI

1 if the respondent participates in URRBMI; 0 if not

Dependent variables

 Support_p-c

Total family financial support from the respondent to his/her children

4196.393

2925.427

1270.996***

 Support_c-p

Total family financial support from children to the respondent

3882.124

2420.817

1461.307***

Control variables

 Age

Age of the respondent

60.664

61.509

-0.845***

 Male

1 if the respondent is male; 0 if female

0.48

0.428

0.052***

 Urban residence

1 if the respondent is urban resident; 0 if rural resident

0.203

0.312

-0.108***

 Marriage status

1 if the respondent is married or cohabitating; 0 if separated, divorced or never married

0.883

0.806

0.077***

 Education:

  No formal education

1 if the respondent has no formal education; 0 if not

0.245

0.302

-0.057***

  Can read and write

1 if the respondent’s highest level of education is “can read and write”; 0 if not

0.197

0.222

-0.024***

  Primary school

1 if the respondent’s highest level of education is primary school; 0 if not

0.226

0.200

0.027***

  Secondary school or above

1 if the respondent’s highest level of education is secondary school or above; 0 if not

0.332

0.277

0.055***

 Self-rated health status

1 if very poor; 2 if poor; 3 if fair; 4 if good; 5 if very good

3.042

3.083

-0.042**

 Public pensions

1 if the respondent participates in a public pension program; 0 if not

0.602

0.294

0.308***

 Number of children

Total number of living and dead children, including biological children, stepchildren, and adopted children

3.029

3.162

-0.132***

 Living arrangement

1 if the respondent living with his/her children; 0 if not

0.279

0.349

-0.069***

 Family financial assets

Total net family financial assets

4708.932

3091.608

1617.324***